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OPERATING SYSTEM BASICS

1. INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM

1.1. WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM

1.0.1 Introduction

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages all hardware and software resources of a computer system. It provides a user-friendly environment so users can interact with the machine effectively, and it enables application software to function by managing the system's underlying operations.

In simpler terms, the operating system is the software that makes the computer work. Without it, users cannot run applications, interact with files, or use hardware devices.

1.0.2 Definition

An Operating System is defined as:

"A system software that acts as an interface between the user and the hardware, and manages system resources such as CPU, memory, input/output devices, and storage."

1.0.3 Role of the Operating System

The OS acts as a middleman between:

  • The user and the hardware

  • The application software and the computer system

For example, when a user opens a web browser, it is the OS that loads it into memory, allocates CPU time to it, and handles inputs from the keyboard and mouse.

1.0.4 Objectives of an Operating System

The main goals of an operating system include:

  • Convenience: Makes using a computer easier.

  • Efficiency: Maximizes the use of computer resources.

  • Resource Management: Controls how hardware and software resources are used.

  • Security and Protection: Prevents unauthorized access and safeguards data.

1.0.5 Components of an Operating System

The OS is made up of several important components:

  1. Kernel

    • The core part of the OS; manages memory, processes, and hardware.

  2. Shell

    • The user interface, either command-line or graphical.

  3. File System

    • Organizes and stores files on storage devices.

  4. Device Drivers

    • Software that controls specific hardware components.

1.0.6 Real-World Examples of Operating Systems

  • Personal Computers: Windows, macOS, Linux

  • Servers: Ubuntu Server, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Windows Server

  • Mobile Devices: Android, iOS

  • Embedded Systems: FreeRTOS, VxWorks

1.0.7 Importance of Operating System

Without an operating system:

  • Computers would be extremely hard to use.

  • Every software application would need to know how to interact with every piece of hardware.

  • Security, multitasking, and user management would be difficult to implement.